Ni gute aluminiyumu itunganywa kandi irimo ibihe bintu?

Aluminiyumu (Al) ni icyuma cyoroheje kandi gifite ifeza cyera, kiza ku mwanya wa gatatu mu bintu byinshi mu isi, gikurikira ogisijeni na silikoni gusa. Ariko, bitewe n'uburyo ikora cyane mu by'ubutabire, ntijya ibaho mu buryo busanzwe mu buryo bwayo bw'icyuma. Ahubwo, iboneka mu bintu, cyane cyane mu mabuye ya bauxite, uruvange rwa ogisijeni za aluminiyumu zirimo gibbsite (Al (OH) ₃), boehmite (AlO (OH)), na diaspore.

Uburyo bwo Kunoza mu Ntambwe Ebyiri

Urugendo rwo kuva kuri bauxite isanzwe kugera kurialuminiyumu ifite isuku nyinshi ikubiyemoinzira ebyiri zitandukanye z'inganda.

Icyiciro cya mbere ni inzira ya Bayer, yatangijwe mu 1888. Bauxite yasheshwe ivangwa n'umuti ushyushye wa sodium hydroxide munsi y'umuvuduko, igashonga imyunyu ngugu irimo aluminiyumu hanyuma imyanda nka okiside y'icyuma na silica igasigara inyuma. Umuti wa sodium aluminate uvamo ushungurwa kugira ngo ukureho ibisigazwa by'icyondo gitukura, ugaterwamo kristu za hydroxide za aluminiyumu, hanyuma ugashyirwamo calcium ku bushyuhe bwa dogere selisiyusi 1,100 kugira ngo hakorwe alumina yera, cyangwa okiside ya aluminiyumu (Al₂O₃). Hejuru ya 90% bya alumina yo ku isi ubu ikorwa binyuze muri ubu buryo.

Icyiciro cya kabiri ni inzira ya Hall Héroult. Alumina ifite ubushyuhe bwo gushonga buri hejuru ya 2,000°C, bigatuma electrolysis itaziguye idakora neza. Umuti uba mu gushonga Al₂O₃ muri cryolite ishongeshejwe (Na₃AlF₆), bigabanya ubushyuhe bwo gukora kugeza kuri 950~1,000°C. Hanyuma umuriro w'amashanyarazi unyura mu ruvange. Aluminium ishongeshejwe irakusanya hasi (cathode), mu gihe ogisijeni yivanga na anode za karuboni bigakora CO₂. Ubu buryo bwa electrolytic bukomeje kuba inzira yonyine y'inganda yo gukora aluminium y'ibanze, igatanga icyuma cya 99.5~99.8%.

Ni ibihe bintu bigize aluminiyumu?

Aluminiyumu y'umwimerere ubwayo igizwe n'ikintu cya Al gusa, gifite umubare wa atome wa 13 n'uburemere bwa atome bwa hafi 26.98 g/mol. Aluminiyumu y'umwimerere (98.8–99.7% Al) irimo uduce duto tw'icyuma na silikoni nk'imyanda karemano. Ariko, inyinshi muri zoporogaramu zishingiye ku byuma bya aluminiyumu, aho ibintu byihariye byongerwamo nkana kugira ngo bihindure imiterere ya mekanike.

Ku bijyanye n'imiterere y'ibikoresho, uruhererekane rwa 6000 (urugero, 6061) rukoresha manyeziyumu na silikoni nk'ibintu by'ingenzi bivangavanga, ubusanzwe 0.8 ~ 1.2% Mg na 0.400 ~ .8% Si. Iyi aloyi itanga uburinganire bwiza bw'imbaraga ziringaniye, ubushobozi bwo gusudira neza, hamwe n'ubushobozi bwo gukora ibintu neza.

Ku bijyanye n'imbaraga nyinshi zikenewe, uruhererekane rwa 7000 (urugero, 7075) rukubiyemo zinc na umuringa nk'ibintu by'ingenzi bivangavanze, hamwe na 5.16 ~ .1% Zn na 1.2 ~ 2.0% Cu. Ubushyuhe bwa T6 bwa 7075 butanga hafi inshuro ebyiri imbaraga zo gukurura za 6061-T6, bigatuma iba ibikoresho bikundwa cyane mu bikoresho by'ikirere n'ibice by'imiterere bifite imikorere myiza.

Ingano nto ya chromium, manganese, na titaniyumu nayo ikunze kugaragara mu byuma bicuruzwa, buri kimwe kigira uruhare mu gutunganya ibinyampeke no kurwanya ingese. Gusobanukirwa neza imiterere y’ibice bya buri cyuma ni ingenzi mu guhitamo ibikoresho bikwiye bisabwa mu gutunganya cyangwa gukora.